Years are grouped into cycles, which begin with four standard years after which every fourth subsequent year in the cycle is a leap year. His technique avoids the need to determine the moment of the astronomical equinox, replacing it with a very complex leap year structure. As this calendar is proleptic for all years prior to 1925 C.E., historical considerations regarding the capitals of Persia and Iran do not seem to apply.Īhmad Birashk (1993) proposed an alternative means of determining leap years for the Persian calendar. Here, Iran Standard Time longitude is used, as it appears that this is the criterion used in Iran today. Various sources cite Tehran, Esfahan, and the central meridian of Iran Standard Time as the determiner of the equinox. There is some controversy about the reference meridian at which the equinox is determined in this calendar. No attempt is made to synchronise months with the phases of the Moon. The calendar, therefore, stays perfectly aligned with the seasons. There is no leap year rule 366-day years do not recur in a regular pattern, but instead occur whenever that number of days elapses between equinoxes at the reference meridian. Days begin at midnight in the standard time zone. The Solar months are as follows:Įach year begins on the day in which the March equinox occurs, at or after solar noon at the longitude reference for Iran Standard Time (52☃0' E). The calendar consists of 12 months, the first six of which have 31 days, the next five 30 days, and the final month 29 days in a normal year and 30 days in a leap year. The modern Persian calendar was adopted in 1925, replacing (while retaining the month names of) a traditional calendar dating from the eleventh century. This requires a full understanding of the Gregorian, solar and lunar months including how many days each contains, what a leap year is, and so on. It is necessary to know how to convert solar dates into the Gregorian calendar and vice versa. Therefore the solar calendar, which largely excludes such fluctuations, is used for the recording of dates.Īny good translation must thus take into account the need to convert dates between different calendars. This is because the Hijri calendar, which is based on lunar movement in the solar system, involves changes that are difficult to track. Yet this information is only secondary and is not used for recording or referring to the document unless it dates back to the time of Prophet Muhammad. 1 Certain documents of a religious nature may also contain lunar (Hejri-e Qamari) dates and captions. Official documents in Iran are dated based on the solar (Hejri-e Shamsi) calendar. KEYWORDSĬonversion, interconversion, solar, lunar, Gregorian calendar, official translation. To this end the article offers a thorough discussion of conceptual (calendarical) knowledge, focusing on the inherent discrepancies existing between these calendars it then provides further information about manual date calculation, and finally offers information on some useful websites and software. This article examines conversion and interconversion in relation to three kinds of calendar used in official translations in Iran: the Solar, the Lunar and the Gregorian. Home > Issue17 > Ahmadi Darani article Date conversion essentials: the case of Persian to English official translations Parviz Ahmadi Darani, Mohajer Technical-Vocational University of Isfahan ABSTRACTĪlthough ready access to the Internet makes everything easy, if no online date calculator is available, the only solution with official translations is to convert dates by manual calculation.
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